1. Mount Pinatubo
This volcano in the Philippines is notable for its massive 1991 eruption that was one of the largest volcanic events of the 20th century. The eruption was so powerful it released ash into the stratosphere, affecting global climate patterns and cooling the planet by an estimated 0.5°C (0.9°F) over the next two years. The eruption also caused widespread damage and loss of life in the surrounding areas, with pyroclastic flows reaching speeds of up to 100 km/h (62 mph). The eruption was so massive that it created a new lake around its base, Lake Pinatubo.
2. Mount Tambora
Located on the island of Sumbawa in Indonesia, this volcano is infamous for its 1815 eruption that caused widespread destruction and global cooling. The eruption was so powerful it released ash and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, blocking sunlight and leading to the "Year Without a Summer" in 1816. The eruption also created a massive tsunami that affected several islands in the Indonesian archipelago. Mount Tambora is still considered one of the most active volcanoes on Earth.
3. Mount Nyiragongo
Located in the Democratic Republic of Congo, this volcano is known for its extremely fluid and fast-moving lava flows, which have caused significant damage to nearby communities. The eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in 1977 was particularly destructive, with lava flows reaching temperatures of up to 800°C (1,472°F). According to the United Nations, the eruption affected over 50,000 people and displaced thousands more.
4. Mount Merapi
Located in Indonesia, this volcano is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth and has erupted frequently since 1548. In 2010, a massive eruption occurred, causing widespread ashfall and pyroclastic flows that killed at least 350 people. The eruption also forced over 400,000 people to evacuate their homes.
5. Mount Unzen
Located in Japan, this volcano is known for its unique "phreatomagmatic" eruptions, which occur when magma interacts with groundwater. In 1991 and 1999, Mount Unzen had two massive eruptions, causing widespread damage and loss of life. According to the Japanese government, the 1991 eruption killed over 300 people, while the 1999 eruption caused a tsunami that affected several coastal towns.