Top 5 Largest Known Ancient Cities

Located in present-day Pakistan, Mohenjo-Daro is considered one of the largest known ancient cities in the Indus Valley Civilization. It was an important center of trade and commerce during its peak around 2500 BCE. The city's well-planned layout features a sophisticated drainage system, as evidenced by the extensive network of canals, streets, and bathhouses that have been excavated. Excavations have uncovered numerous artifacts, including jewelry, seals, and pottery, showcasing the advanced social and cultural organization of its inhabitants.

Situated in present-day Iraq, Babylon was a major city of the Neo-Babylonian Empire during the 6th century BCE. This ancient urban center served as the capital and seat of power for the legendary King Nebuchadnezzar II. The city's impressive ziggurat, known as the Esagila Temple, measured over 90 meters (300 feet) tall and was dedicated to the worship of Marduk, the patron god of Babylon. Archaeological excavations have revealed extensive ruins, including the remains of temples, palaces, and city walls.

Situated in present-day Iran, Susa is one of the oldest known cities in the world, with a history dating back to around 3200 BCE. The city was an important center of trade and commerce during its peak in the Elamite civilization. The massive Susa Citadel complex features several palaces, temples, and fortifications, showcasing the advanced engineering skills of its ancient inhabitants. Excavations have uncovered numerous artifacts, including gold jewelry, ceramic vessels, and copper objects.

Located on the Asiatic coast of modern-day Turkey, Pergamon was a major city of the Hellenistic period (3rd-1st century BCE). The city was known for its impressive acropolis, featuring an iconic temple complex dedicated to Zeus and Athena. The Pergamon Library, built during this time, is considered one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world, containing over 200,000 volumes. Excavations have also uncovered an extensive network of streets, temples, and theater ruins.

Located in present-day Italy, Pompeii was a Roman city frozen in time by the devastating eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. The city's remarkably preserved buildings, streets, and frescoes provide valuable insights into daily life during the ancient Roman Empire. Excavations have uncovered over 20,000 plaster casts of the victims, along with numerous artifacts, including pottery, jewelry, and coins. The site is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most famous archaeological excavations in history.